The division of minerals into such groups is quite conditional.

The division of minerals into such groups is quite conditional.

The opinion about the limiting influence of the maximum value of the factor along with the minimum was first expressed in 1913 by the American zoologist W. Shelford, who formulated the law of tolerance. The existence of the species depends on both the lack and excess of any of a number of factors that have a level close to the endurance limit of the organism.

Thus, organisms are characterized by ecological minimum and ecological maximum, reacting similarly to both pessimistic values ​​of the factor. Their endurance against influences in the range between these two factors is called the limit of tolerance.

Environmental factors do not act alone, comprehensively and the optimal zone of one factor can vary depending on what factors it is combined with: it is well known that heat is more easily tolerated in dry air, and frost – when there is no wind. But none of the necessary species factors can be replaced by others. Among the large number of factors that affect the body are limiting, ie those whose level is close to the limit of endurance or exceeds it.

For example, the spread of many plants to the north is limited by low temperatures, for animals the limiting factor may be competition for food or shelter.

Environmental factors ensure existence in space and time. Assimilation and use of factors is carried out by an organism through adaptations.

Adaptations are devices or means by which the body interacts with the environment to maintain homeostasis and ensures the continuity of existence over time through offspring. Depending on the amount and strength of action, the same factor may have the opposite meaning for the body.

For example, an increase or decrease in temperature beyond the adaptive capacity of the organism leads to its death. The adaptive capabilities of different organisms are designed for different values ​​of the factor. Thus, most freshwater fish die when exposed to seawater, and marine fish die when the salinity of the water decreases.

07/05/2011

Ecology: the concept of modern science. Abstract

Structure of living organisms. Human development of the Earth’s interior. Problems of nature conservation and reproduction

Structure of living organisms

The cell of any organism is an integral living system. The bath consists of three inextricably linked parts: the shell, cytoplasm and nucleus. The cell membrane carries out direct interaction with the external environment and interaction with the external environment and interaction with neighboring cells.

The cell membrane has a complex structure. It consists of an outer layer and a plasma membrane located under it. plant and animal cells differ in the structure of their outer layer. in plants, as well as in bacteria, blue – green algae and fungi on the surface of cells has a dense shell, or cell wall. in most plants it consists of fiber.

The main methods of plant breeding are hybridization and selection. Usually these methods are combined. Selection methods depend on the form of reproduction of one species of plants. There are two main forms of selection – mass and individual. Mass selection is reduced to the selection from the source material of a group of individuals that have desirable traits for the breeder. Mass selection is usually used repeatedly in a number of subsequent generations, but can be a one-time individual selection is reduced to the selection of individuals with traits of interest to man, and obtaining offspring from them. It can also be one-time or repeated.

Human development of the Earth’s interior

The most valuable riches of nature are soils and minerals. Without soil, plant development is impossible, plant development is unthinkable, animal life is unthinkable. Man cannot do without mineral resources. Therefore, their rational use and protection is an important national cause.

Soil is an independent historical body that arose as a result of the combined action on the surface horizons of rocks of living organisms, climatic factors, relief and human productive activity.

Extraction of minerals from the earth’s interior, penetration into the depths of the earth’s crust enhance the specific ecological impact of man on the geographical shell and the anthropic processes that occur in it.

The group of combustible (kautobiolimites) includes: coal of all kinds, peat, oil shale, oil, natural gas, and some others. metallic or ore minerals are ores: ferrous non-ferrous and rare metals, and precious metals as well. The division of minerals into such groups is quite conditional. For example, oil and gas are used not only as combustible resources, but also as raw materials for the chemical industry; the same applies to other minerals.

The first "mineral" – was for a man of the Stone Age flint, from which she made tools and weapons.

All mineral deposits, depending on the conditions of their formation are divided into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

With the rapid development of science and technology, caused by the needs of the economy, the extraction and use in the production of subsoil resources in terms of both range and quantity is growing more and more rapidly.

Metallic minerals – from iron ore to gold and platinum – ensure the development of our industry. The country’s needs are met in non-metallic minerals. These are natural building materials, industrial mineral raw materials, mineral raw materials for the chemical industry, precious and color stones.

Ore and non-metallic minerals are mostly non-renewable, but also almost inexhaustible. They only move from deposits to various products that move in space, but do not disappear from the face of the Earth and can be reused. Certain costs in the extraction of minerals are usually inevitable. These are deposits that cannot be selected, deposits under various structures or with such a meager content of useful components that, at least in our time, it is not economically feasible to extract.

One of the important methods of saving metals, building materials and other minerals, the reserves of which are rapidly declining, is the search for cheap substitutes that can meet the needs of the national economy.

Human life cannot be imagined without the widespread use of minerals. From time immemorial, it extracts the minerals it needs from the bowels of the Earth and uses them for the production of tools and housing.

The territory of Ukraine is rich in various minerals. About 60% of the world’s proven reserves of manganese, significant of iron ore, graphite, coke coal, bentonite clays, kaolin, daomites, rock salt, quartz sands, stone building materials, mineral waters are concentrated here.

Significant reserves of ore minerals are concentrated on the territory of Ukraine, which are mainly attached to the Ukrainian Shield. Large deposits of iron ore are generally known, concentrated in four districts – Kryvyi Rih, Kerch, Kremenchug and Belozersk. In terms of quality, Ukrainian iron ore is the best on the Eurasian continent.

On the territory of Ukraine there are large deposits of manganese ore. Nikopol manganese basin is one of the largest in the world. It includes: Nikopol, Velikotokmatske, and Ingulatskoe deposits.

Rock salt has been extracted in Ukraine since ancient times from the natural brine of the salt springs of Precarpathia and Transcarpathia. The largest deposits of rock salt in Ukraine are Artemivske and Slovyanske in the Donbass.

Ukraine is rich in a variety of building materials: granite, labradorite, kaolin, sandstone chalk.

On August 24, 1991, the Act of Independence of Ukraine was proclaimed. On December 1, 1991, the people voted to vote for the country’s independent development. From this day, wide opportunities have opened up for a radical restructuring of our country’s economy. In terms of the richness of natural resources and economic potential, Ukraine now occupies a large place, now the eighth place among the countries of the world.

The most important indicator of economic development is labor productivity. It is determined by the number of products produced per year in the country by one employee. This indicator largely depends on the path of economic development in the country – extensive and intensive.

Problems of nature conservation and reproduction

The national treasures of nature are soils and minerals. Without soil, plant development is impossible, animal life is impossible.

Soil is an independent natural-historical body, which arose as a result of the combined action on the surface horizons of rocks of living organisms, climatic factors, relief and human productive activity. The main property of the soil is fertility – the ability to provide plants with nutrients, moisture, air. Its main role in nature is to ensure life on Earth. Almost all living terrestrial organisms receive mineral nutrients from the soil. It serves as a substrate for fixing the roots of higher plants, habitat and development of microorganisms and animals, accumulates organic matter and chemical energy.

Soil is the main means of agricultural production. Therefore, knowledge of its properties, composition, distribution and opportunities to increase fertility is a necessary condition for agricultural development. Soil is the property of this humanity. Rational use and protection is everyone’s duty.

A very important component of the soil is humus – an organic substance formed from the remains of dead plants under the influence of microorganisms that process them, decompose, enrich them with carbon dioxide, write an lab report online free water, ammonia and other substances. The soil provides plants with potassium and carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.

Each natural zone has its own soil cover. There are three main zones in the plains of Ukraine: sod-podzolic, gray forest and chernozem soils. Soils of mountainous areas have vertical clarity, gravelly, with less humus content less fertile.

Climatic conditions and vegetation have led to the spread in the Carpathians of sod-podzolic soils below, brown forests in the belt of beech forests and mountain meadows in the meadows. Brown, forest brown, and mountain-meadow soils are widespread in the mountainous Crimea. on yaylah. On the southern slope of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains, reddish-brown and brown soils were formed on limestones and chalk in climates with subtropical features, which are characterized by dry hot summers and wet warm winters.